Cellular Regulation
Cellular regulation is the step before cell division (asexual or sexual reproduction). Cell regulation is the check points that the cell must complete or the cell will not go through with cell division. Within cell regulation there are interphases: G0, G1, S, and G2. The checkpoints which cell regulation occurs after G1 and S; when the checkpoints are complete the cell will then begin preparing for cell division of either asexual or sexual reproduction. G0 is the interphase that occurs when the cell is growing and then moves to G1 and it grows older. After G1 interphase, S interphase occurs where DNA replication occurs. Within the S phase mutations may occur such as cancer or other diseases or deformations. G2 interphase is when the cell begins to take inventory or creates a checklist to be prepared to make the new cell from cell division.
Bladder Cancer
What is it?
Bladder cancer is the formation of cancer that begins first within the lining of the bladder. It occurs when the inner lining of the bladder begins to form the transitional cell carcinomas.
Symptoms?
Some symptoms include blood within the urine (blood clots), unusually colored urine (red, cola, orange), frequent need to urinate, painful urination, pain or burning during urination, and urgency for urination.
Causes?
There are no known causes of bladder cancer so far, but there are some risk factors found by researchers. One risk factor known is the altering of DNA can cause the normal bladder cells to grow abnormally and grow cancers. These DNA altering may occur due to DNA mutations that may have been caused by exposure to radiation or cancer-causing chemicals.
What are the staging and categories of bladder cancer?
Within the development of bladder cancer there are two stages clinical for the doctorʻs examination to determine the most accurate age of develop of the cancer and pathologic stage that is post-surgery. The category used with the clinical and pathologic stage is called the TNM system (Tumor, Nodes, Metastasized). The T staging is the development of the tumor and its severity, the N staging is only particular to the lymph nodes, and the M staging is specific to the spread rate of which the cancer develops.
What are the treatments?
There are some choices of treatments which may include surgery. According to the American Cancer Society, bladder cancer surgery comes in different forms; one form of surgery is transurethral surgery to destroy the bladder tumor forming. Another form of treatment is cystectomy which is when part or all of the bladder needs to be removed depending on how invasive it is. If the whole bladder needs to be removed there is such a thing as reconstructive surgery for the urine to be stored and removed. With cystectomy comes major side effects for men and women whether daily life or even sexual life. Urostomy is another option for bladder cancer treatment because it creates a new opening for urine drainage. Chemotherapy may also be an option as a treatment for bladder cancer. Chemotherapy is used when trying to shrink a tumor before surgery and sometimes with radiation therapy to help radiation work better. Yet, with chemotherapy comes a lot of physical side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and mouth sores.
Can cancer be cured?
So far, the research and development no solutions have been able to succeed in the curing of cancer and its various types. Money and research are still developing and learning, and hope there is still chance to find the cure to all cancers.
Bladder cancer is the formation of cancer that begins first within the lining of the bladder. It occurs when the inner lining of the bladder begins to form the transitional cell carcinomas.
Symptoms?
Some symptoms include blood within the urine (blood clots), unusually colored urine (red, cola, orange), frequent need to urinate, painful urination, pain or burning during urination, and urgency for urination.
Causes?
There are no known causes of bladder cancer so far, but there are some risk factors found by researchers. One risk factor known is the altering of DNA can cause the normal bladder cells to grow abnormally and grow cancers. These DNA altering may occur due to DNA mutations that may have been caused by exposure to radiation or cancer-causing chemicals.
What are the staging and categories of bladder cancer?
Within the development of bladder cancer there are two stages clinical for the doctorʻs examination to determine the most accurate age of develop of the cancer and pathologic stage that is post-surgery. The category used with the clinical and pathologic stage is called the TNM system (Tumor, Nodes, Metastasized). The T staging is the development of the tumor and its severity, the N staging is only particular to the lymph nodes, and the M staging is specific to the spread rate of which the cancer develops.
What are the treatments?
There are some choices of treatments which may include surgery. According to the American Cancer Society, bladder cancer surgery comes in different forms; one form of surgery is transurethral surgery to destroy the bladder tumor forming. Another form of treatment is cystectomy which is when part or all of the bladder needs to be removed depending on how invasive it is. If the whole bladder needs to be removed there is such a thing as reconstructive surgery for the urine to be stored and removed. With cystectomy comes major side effects for men and women whether daily life or even sexual life. Urostomy is another option for bladder cancer treatment because it creates a new opening for urine drainage. Chemotherapy may also be an option as a treatment for bladder cancer. Chemotherapy is used when trying to shrink a tumor before surgery and sometimes with radiation therapy to help radiation work better. Yet, with chemotherapy comes a lot of physical side effects such as hair loss, nausea, and mouth sores.
Can cancer be cured?
So far, the research and development no solutions have been able to succeed in the curing of cancer and its various types. Money and research are still developing and learning, and hope there is still chance to find the cure to all cancers.
Survival Rates
Image Citations:
- National Cancer Institute. Survival Rate Graph. Digital image. Cancer of the Urinary Bladder - SEER Stat Fact Sheet. National Cancer Institute, 2013. Web. <http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html>.
- National Cancer Institute. Survival Rate Graph. Digital image. Cancer of the Urinary Bladder - SEER Stat Fact Sheet. National Cancer Institute, 2013. Web. <http://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/urinb.html>.Urinary Cancer. Bladder Cancer. Digital image. Welcome to Urinary Cancer, Dr. Samir Desai, Bladder Cancer. UrinaryCancer.com, 2009. Web. <http://www.urinarycancer.com/bladder_cancer.html>.
- UVA Health, and The Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Bladder Cancer. Digital image. Bladder Cancer -- UVA Health (University of Virginia Health System). UVA Health System, 2013. Web. <http://uvahealth.com/services/cancer-center/conditions-treatments/12015>.
- WebMD. Bladder Cancer Staging. Digital image. Symptoms Pictures: Signs, Treatments, Survival Rates. WebMD, 2013. Web. <http://www.webmd.com/cancer/bladder-cancer/ss/slideshow-bladder-cancer-overview>.
- WordPress. Cell Regulation. Digital image. DNA Damage Checkpoints | Cell Cycle Regulation. WordPress, 2013. Web. <http://biogirls4life.wordpress.com/dna-damage-checkpoints/>.
Works Cited:
- American Cancer Society. "Bladder Cancer." American Cancer Society. American Cancer Society, Inc., 2013. Web. <http://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladdercancer/index>.
- Cancer Research UK. "Bladder Cancer Stage and Grade." : Cancer Research UK : CancerHelp UK. Cancer Research UK, CancerHelp UK, 2013. Web. <http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-help/type/bladder-cancer/treatment/bladder-cancer-stage-and-grade>.
- National Cancer Institute. "National Cancer Institute." Bladder Cancer. National Cancer Institute, 2013. Web. <http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/bladder>.
- Urinary Cancer. "Welcome to Urinary Cancer, Dr Samir Desai, Treatment of Prostate Cancer, Bladder Cancer,Mumbai, India." Welcome to Urinary Cancer, Dr Samir Desai, Treatment of Prostate Cancer, Bladder Cancer,Mumbai, India. UrinaryCancer.com, 2009. Web. <http://www.urinarycancer.com/bladder_cancer.html>.